[informative descriptor] identification within "subfamily" or "tribe" [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] general stem pattern (ex-von Mohl's classification) [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] shape of fibrous part in transverse section [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] wide metaxylem element [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] number of wide metaxylem element per fibrous vascular bundle [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] phytoliths [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] phytoliths distribution in central cylinder [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] fibrous part centrifugal differentiation [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] ground parenchyma sustained growth [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] ground parenchyma of the central cylinder [informative descriptor] [cortex] cortex [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] superficial protective layer (sub-epidermal) [informative descriptor] [cortex] multicellular epidermal hair [informative descriptor] [cortex] epidermal cells [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] tangential elongation and anticlinal divisions of subcortical parenchyma cells [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] radial elongation of the fibrous part (in subcortical zone) [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] fibrous bundles in central cylinder [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] fibrous part adjacent to the xylem [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] number of phloem strand [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] little fibrous vascular bundles (bridges) [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] radiating parenchyma [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] tabular parenchyma [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] end wall slope [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] specialisation value [informative descriptor] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] metaphloem sieve plate [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] [present in fossil descriptions but not informative] paravascular parenchyma [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] [present in fossil descriptions but not informative] vascular zone position [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] [present in fossil descriptions but not informative] auricular sinus [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] [present in fossil descriptions but not informative] median sinus [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] [present in fossil descriptions but not informative] auricular lobe [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] [numerical] [present in fossil descriptions but not informative] range of slope index (min_m_max) [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] Tomlinson's end wall type
Borasseae - Hyphaeninae - Hyphaene in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Borasseae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 most specialized
Borasseae - Hyphaeninae - Bismarckia in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Borasseae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 most specialized
Borasseae - Lataniinae - Borassus or Latania in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Borasseae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 most specialized
Borasseae - Lataniinae - Lodoicea in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Borasseae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 most specialized
Caryoteae - Caryota in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone trapeziform to rondel (ex hat shaped) ; combined largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ; huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb very thin permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma present cone shaped present ; absent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded ; angular rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Caryoteae - Arenga (or Wallichia) in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone trapeziform to rondel (ex hat shaped) ; combined largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ; huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb very thin permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma present cone shaped present ; absent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded ; angular rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Cryosophileae - Zombia in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Cryosophileae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 3-4 ; more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) present present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablerounded not applicable3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Cryosophileae - Chelyocarpus in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Cryosophileae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablerounded not applicable3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Cryosophileae - Coccothrinax in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Cryosophileae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Vaginata present more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablerounded not applicable3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Cryosophileae - Cryosophila in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Cryosophileae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablerounded ; angular not applicable3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Cryosophileae - Thrinax in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Cryosophileae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) ; mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablerounded not applicable3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Cryosophileae - Hemithrinax in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Cryosophileae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablerounded not applicable3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Phoeniceae in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Lunaria ; Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound developed ; poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells included in the fibrous dorsal cap (between the two auricular lobes) absent rounded very shallow to absent ; angular 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 unspecialized ; moderately specialized
Corypheae in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ??absent ?absent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent rounded ; angular rounded ; angular 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Sabaleae in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed included in the fibrous dorsal cap (between the two auricular lobes) ; excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Chuniophoeniceae - Nannorrhops in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Chuniophoeniceae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Lunaria ; Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed included in the fibrous dorsal cap (between the two auricular lobes) ; excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap absent rounded rounded ; angular 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Chuniophoeniceae - Chuniophoenix in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Chuniophoeniceae ; without Arecoideae Geonoma-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems very thin permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma absent ?absent absent present present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) absent absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Serenoa in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Brahea in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) ; mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Copernicia in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Pritchardia in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present ; absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Washingtonia in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone very shallow to absent ; rounded very shallow to absent ; rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Livistoninae - Livistona in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present present slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound developed included in the fibrous dorsal cap (between the two auricular lobes) ; excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded ; angular 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Livistoninae - Licuala in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present present ; absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound developed included in the fibrous dorsal cap (between the two auricular lobes) ; excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded ; angular 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae - Chamaerops in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma absent elongated (tangentially elongate) absent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap absent rounded rounded ; angular 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae - Trachycarpus in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 3-4 ; more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central zone) one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) present absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap ; excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae - Rhapis in all palm family ; subfamily Coryphoideae ; tribe Trachycarpeae ; without Arecoideae Geonoma-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems very thin permanent epidermis absent erect (radially elongate) ; spheroid to cubical absent absent present present (often only in the central zone) one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3 – 3,76 – 4,33 moderately specialized
Calamoideae (scandent) in all palm family ; subfamily Calamoideae ; without Arecoideae Calamus-Type not applicablepresent mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems very thin permanent epidermis absent erect (radially elongate) absent absent present ; absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; two strands throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent slightly oblique ; transverse [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells not applicablenot applicablenot applicablenot applicable3,54 – 4,3 – 4,55 most specialized
Calamoideae - Eugeissona in all palm family ; subfamily Calamoideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) trabecular (= stellate) with a regular meshwork (spheroid lacunae > 250 µm) ; huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] very thin permanent epidermis ; developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma absent spheroid to cubical absent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3,54 – 4,3 – 4,55 moderately specialized
Calamoideae - Lepidocaryeae - Raphia in all palm family ; subfamily Calamoideae ; without Arecoideae Corypha-Type ; Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex absent present (Type B) trabecular (= stellate) with a regular meshwork (spheroid lacunae > 250 µm) very thin developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent strongly developed ; absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional developed ; poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3,54 – 4,3 – 4,55 moderately specialized
Calamoideae - Lepidocaryeae - Mauritia or Mauritiella in all palm family ; subfamily Calamoideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ; trabecular (= stellate) with a regular meshwork (spheroid lacunae > 250 µm) very thin developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent strongly developed ; absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional developed ; poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 3,54 – 4,3 – 4,55 moderately specialized
Calamoideae - Lepidocaryeae - Lepidocaryum in all palm family ; subfamily Calamoideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) very thin suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent strongly developed ; absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded angular 3,54 – 4,3 – 4,55 moderately specialized
Calamoideae - Calameae - Metroxylon or Pigafetta in all palm family ; subfamily Calamoideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) trabecular (= stellate) with a regular meshwork (spheroid lacunae > 250 µm) very thin developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicablepresent ; absent strongly developed ; absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional poorly developed or one layer of circumvascular cells excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded angular 3,54 – 4,3 – 4,55 moderately specialized
Nypoideae in all palm family ; subfamily Nypoideae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) trapeziform to rondel (ex hat shaped) all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars simple or transitional developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap absent very shallow to absent ; rounded rounded 3,1 unspecialized
Ceroxyloideae - Cyclospatheae - Pseudphoenix in all palm family ; subfamily Ceroxyloideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb very thin permanent epidermis ; developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) absent erect (radially elongate) ; cone shaped present absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent extremely oblique ; very oblique ; oblique ; slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap ; excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 2,81 – 3,5 ?
Ceroxyloideae - Ceroxyleae - Ravenea or Ceroxylon in all palm family ; subfamily Ceroxyloideae ; without Arecoideae Mauritia-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) ; mostly 3-4 ; more than 4 globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb developed ; very thin permanent epidermis ; developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) absent erect (radially elongate) ; cone shaped present ; absent absent present ; absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present ; absent extremely oblique ; very oblique ; oblique ; slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap ; excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone angular ; absent only in the central zone rounded rounded 2,81 – 3,5 ?
Ceroxyloideae - Phytelephas in all palm family ; subfamily Ceroxyloideae ; without Arecoideae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present ; absent (only long angular imperforate scalariform tracheids) more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma not applicablenot applicableabsent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present not described[0] tracheids only — definite vessels not observed compound developed excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap absent very shallow to absent rounded not describednot described
Arecoideae in all palm family ; subfamily Arecoideae Cocos-Type ; Mauritia-Type ; Geonoma-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate ; trapeziform to rondel (ex hat shaped) all around the fibrous part adjacent to the phloem throughout the central cylinder ; largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present ; absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ; huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb developed ; very thin permanent epidermis ; developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ??present ; absent strongly developed ; absent present ; absent present (often only in the central zone) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ?absent present ; absent very oblique ; oblique ; slightly oblique [1] multiple perforation plates with "pithlike" perforations that span ≤ 1 vessel-parenchyma pit on the adjacent lateral wall ; 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound developed included in the fibrous dorsal cap (between the two auricular lobes) ; excluded from the fibrous dorsal cap ; excluded from the auricular lobes only in the central zone rounded ; absent only in the central zone rounded ; angular rounded ; angular 2,4 – 2,83 – 3,83 least specialized ; unspecialized ; moderately specialized